globals [ initial-trees ;; how many trees (green patches) we started with burned-trees ;; how many have burned so far ] breed [fires fire] ;; bright red turtles -- the leading edge of the fire breed [embers ember] ;; turtles gradually fading from red to near black to setup clear-all set-default-shape turtles "square" ;; make some green trees ask patches with [(random-float 100) < density] [ set pcolor green ] ;; make a column of burning trees ask patches with [pxcor = min-pxcor] [ ignite ] ;; set tree counts set initial-trees count patches with [pcolor = green] set burned-trees 0 reset-ticks end to go if not any? turtles ;; either fires or embers [ stop ] ask fires [ ask neighbors4 with [pcolor = green] [ ignite ] set breed embers ] fade-embers tick end ;; creates the fire turtles to ignite ;; patch procedure sprout-fires 1 [ set color red ] set pcolor black set burned-trees burned-trees + 1 end ;; achieve fading color effect for the fire as it burns to fade-embers ask embers [ set color color - 0.3 ;; make red darker if color < red - 3.5 ;; are we almost at black? [ set pcolor color die ] ] end ; Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky. ; See Info tab for full copyright and license. @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 200 10 712 543 125 125 2.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 -125 125 -125 125 1 1 1 ticks MONITOR 43 131 158 176 percent burned (burned-trees / initial-trees)\n* 100 1 1 11 SLIDER 5 38 190 71 density density 0.0 99.0 57 1.0 1 % HORIZONTAL BUTTON 106 79 175 115 go go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 26 79 96 115 setup setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 @#$#@#$#@ ## WHAT IS IT? This project simulates the spread of a fire through a forest. It shows that the fire's chance of reaching the right edge of the forest depends critically on the density of trees. This is an example of a common feature of complex systems, the presence of a non-linear threshold or critical parameter. ## HOW IT WORKS The fire starts on the left edge of the forest, and spreads to neighboring trees. The fire spreads in four directions: north, east, south, and west. The model assumes there is no wind. So, the fire must have trees along its path in order to advance. That is, the fire cannot skip over an unwooded area (patch), so such a patch blocks the fire's motion in that direction. ## HOW TO USE IT Click the SETUP button to set up the trees (green) and fire (red on the left-hand side). Click the GO button to start the simulation. The DENSITY slider controls the density of trees in the forest. (Note: Changes in the DENSITY slider do not take effect until the next SETUP.) ## THINGS TO NOTICE When you run the model, how much of the forest burns. If you run it again with the same settings, do the same trees burn? How similar is the burn from run to run? Each turtle that represents a piece of the fire is born and then dies without ever moving. If the fire is made of turtles but no turtles are moving, what does it mean to say that the fire moves? This is an example of different levels in a system: at the level of the individual turtles, there is no motion, but at the level of the turtles collectively over time, the fire moves. ## THINGS TO TRY Set the density of trees to 55%. At this setting, there is virtually no chance that the fire will reach the right edge of the forest. Set the density of trees to 70%. At this setting, it is almost certain that the fire will reach the right edge. There is a sharp transition around 59% density. At 59% density, the fire has a 50/50 chance of reaching the right edge. Try setting up and running a BehaviorSpace experiment (see Tools menu) to analyze the percent burned at different tree density levels. ## EXTENDING THE MODEL What if the fire could spread in eight directions (including diagonals)? To do that, use "neighbors" instead of "neighbors4". How would that change the fire's chances of reaching the right edge? In this model, what "critical density" of trees is needed for the fire to propagate? Add wind to the model so that the fire can "jump" greater distances in certain directions. ## NETLOGO FEATURES Unburned trees are represented by green patches; burning trees are represented by turtles. Two breeds of turtles are used, "fires" and "embers". When a tree catches fire, a new fire turtle is created; a fire turns into an ember on the next turn. Notice how the program gradually darkens the color of embers to achieve the visual effect of burning out. The `neighbors4` primitive is used to spread the fire. You could also write the model without turtles by just having the patches spread the fire, and doing it that way makes the code a little simpler. Written that way, the model would run much slower, since all of the patches would always be active. By using turtles, it's much easier to restrict the model's activity to just the area around the leading edge of the fire. See the "CA 1D Rule 30" and "CA 1D Rule 30 Turtle" for an example of a model written both with and without turtles. ## RELATED MODELS * Percolation * Rumor Mill ## HOW TO CITE If you mention this model in a publication, we ask that you include these citations for the model itself and for the NetLogo software: - Wilensky, U. (1997). NetLogo Fire model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Fire. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. - Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky. ![CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/3.0/88x31.png) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu. This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS: MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL MODELS (OBPML). The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612. This model was developed at the MIT Media Lab using CM StarLogo. See Resnick, M. (1994) "Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds." Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Adapted to StarLogoT, 1997, as part of the Connected Mathematics Project. This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. 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